Sockets in the UK
Type G
Your Canada plugs don't fit the sockets used in the UK.
Canada to the UK is the voltage direction to respect. The UK uses the chunky Type G plug, so your flat Type A/B fits nothing, and it runs on 230V, double Canada's 120V.
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No, you need a Type G adapter.
For single-voltage 120V appliances, yes, 230V can damage them. Dual-voltage gear is fine.
Type G, at 230V / 50Hz.